这是一篇翻译至http://corner.squareup.com/的文章,这是原文,之前有人在TIEYE上翻译过这篇文章,但现在链接已经失效,手写效率问题是一直是Android平台上一个比较棘手的问题,所以有必要将这篇文章带给Android开发者,这篇文章在ITEYE那篇译文的基础上有所改动,如果英语还可以,请尽量阅读原文。
在信用卡支付流程中,使用手写签名能够提高支付的安全性,并有效降低过程成本。使用Square在手机上进行支付,用户可以用手指在屏幕上签名,无需拿出笔来在收据上签字。
提示:该界面中提供了手机摇一摇清屏的功能
用户在该界面提供的签名,将签署在电子邮件收据中,以帮助Square监测和防止消费欺诈。
下面我们尝试在Android客户端上实现该界面,先尝试从最简单可行的方式开始:生成一个自定义View,能够监听触屏事件,并根据触摸路径画出点。
public class SignatureView extends View {
private Paint paint = new Paint();
private Path path = new Path();
public SignatureView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
paint.setAntiAlias(true);
paint.setColor(Color.BLACK);
paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
paint.setStrokeJoin(Paint.Join.ROUND);
paint.setStrokeWidth(5f);
}
@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawPath(path, paint);
}
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
float eventX = event.getX();
float eventY = event.getY();
switch (event.getAction()) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
path.moveTo(eventX, eventY);
return true;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
path.lineTo(eventX, eventY);
break;
default:
return false;
}
// Schedules a repaint.
invalidate();
return true;
}
}
可以看到实现出来的效果还是与预期有一定差距的,签名的笔画有锯齿,并且明显反应迟钝,笔迹跟不上手指。
下面我们尝试从两个不同的途径来解决上面的问题。
触屏事件丢失
笔迹跟不上手指这个问题,可能的原因是:
Android对触屏事件的采样率过低;
绘制事件阻塞了触屏事件的采样;
幸运的是,经过实验考证,问题并不是这两个原因导致的。同时,我们发现Android对触屏事件进行批量处理。传递给onTouchEvent()的每一个MotionEvent都包含上至前一个onTouchEvent()调用之间捕获的若干个坐标点。如果将这些点都加入到绘制中,可使签名效果更加平滑。
隐藏的坐标数组可以通过MotionEvent类的下列方法获取:
·getHistorySize()
·getHistoricalX(int)
·getHistoricalY(int)
下面我们利用这些方法,将中间点包含进SignatureView的绘制:
public class SignatureView extends View {
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
...
switch (event.getAction()) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
// When the hardware tracks events faster than they are delivered,
// the event will contain a history of those skipped points.
int historySize = event.getHistorySize();
for (int i = 0; i < historySize; i++) {
float historicalX = event.getHistoricalX(i);
float historicalY = event.getHistoricalY(i);
path.lineTo(historicalX, historicalY);
}
// After replaying history, connect the line to the touch point.
path.lineTo(eventX, eventY);
break;
...
}
}
这个简单的改进,使签名效果外观有了显著的提升。但该View对用户触屏的响应仍然迟钝。
局部刷新
我们的SignatureView在每一次调用onTouchEvent()时,会在触屏坐标之间画线,并进行全屏刷新,但即使只是很小的像素级变动,也需要全屏重绘。
显然,全屏重绘效率低下且没有必要。我们可以使用 View.invalidate(Rect) 方法,选择性地对新添画线的矩形区域进行局部刷新,可以显著提高绘制性能。
采用的算法思路如下:
创建一个代表脏区域的矩形;
获得 ACTION_DOWN 事件的 X 与 Y 坐标,用来设置矩形的顶点;
获得 ACTION_MOVE 和 ACTION_UP 事件的新坐标点,加入到矩形中使之拓展开来(别忘了上文说过的历史坐标点);
刷新脏区域。
采用该算法后,我们能够明显感觉到触屏响应性能的大幅提升。
以上我们对SignatureView进行了两方面的改造提升:
将触屏事件的中间点加入绘制,使笔画更加流畅逼真;
以局部刷新取代全屏刷新,提高绘图性能,使触屏响应更加迅速。
最终的效果出炉:
下面是SignatureView的最终完成代码,我们去掉了一些无关的方法(如摇动检测)
public class SignatureView extends View {
private static final float STROKE_WIDTH = 5f;
/** Need to track this so the dirty region can accommodate the stroke. **/
private static final float HALF_STROKE_WIDTH = STROKE_WIDTH / 2;
private Paint paint = new Paint();
private Path path = new Path();
/**
* Optimizes painting by invalidating the smallest possible area.
*/
private float lastTouchX;
private float lastTouchY;
private final RectF dirtyRect = new RectF();
public SignatureView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
paint.setAntiAlias(true);
paint.setColor(Color.BLACK);
paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
paint.setStrokeJoin(Paint.Join.ROUND);
paint.setStrokeWidth(STROKE_WIDTH);
}
/**
* Erases the signature.
*/
public void clear() {
path.reset();
// Repaints the entire view.
invalidate();
}
@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
canvas.drawPath(path, paint);
}
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
float eventX = event.getX();
float eventY = event.getY();
switch (event.getAction()) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
path.moveTo(eventX, eventY);
lastTouchX = eventX;
lastTouchY = eventY;
// There is no end point yet, so don't waste cycles invalidating.
return true;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
// Start tracking the dirty region.
resetDirtyRect(eventX, eventY);
// When the hardware tracks events faster than they are delivered, the
// event will contain a history of those skipped points.
int historySize = event.getHistorySize();
for (int i = 0; i < historySize; i++) {
float historicalX = event.getHistoricalX(i);
float historicalY = event.getHistoricalY(i);
expandDirtyRect(historicalX, historicalY);
path.lineTo(historicalX, historicalY);
}
// After replaying history, connect the line to the touch point.
path.lineTo(eventX, eventY);
break;
default:
debug("Ignored touch event: " + event.toString());
return false;
}
// Include half the stroke width to avoid clipping.
invalidate(
(int) (dirtyRect.left - HALF_STROKE_WIDTH),
(int) (dirtyRect.top - HALF_STROKE_WIDTH),
(int) (dirtyRect.right + HALF_STROKE_WIDTH),
(int) (dirtyRect.bottom + HALF_STROKE_WIDTH));
lastTouchX = eventX;
lastTouchY = eventY;
return true;
}
/**
* Called when replaying history to ensure the dirty region includes all
* points.
*/
private void expandDirtyRect(float historicalX, float historicalY) {
if (historicalX < dirtyRect.left) {
dirtyRect.left = historicalX;
} else if (historicalX > dirtyRect.right) {
dirtyRect.right = historicalX;
}
if (historicalY < dirtyRect.top) {
dirtyRect.top = historicalY;
} else if (historicalY > dirtyRect.bottom) {
dirtyRect.bottom = historicalY;
}
}
/**
* Resets the dirty region when the motion event occurs.
*/
private void resetDirtyRect(float eventX, float eventY) {
// The lastTouchX and lastTouchY were set when the ACTION_DOWN
// motion event occurred.
dirtyRect.left = Math.min(lastTouchX, eventX);
dirtyRect.right = Math.max(lastTouchX, eventX);
dirtyRect.top = Math.min(lastTouchY, eventY);
dirtyRect.bottom = Math.max(lastTouchY, eventY);
}
}